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IOM success

Where might we go from here.

My first thought was to simplify the measurement of an IOM, and thus to simplify the class rules.  After a couple of years of trying to simplify the rules, I realised they were about as simple as they could possibly be and still achieve a "home-build one-design".  [Yes, indeed!  For those doubters out there, I invite you to have a go yourselves at simplifying the IOM rules and still end up with essentially the same boat.  Jan always reminds me that the apparently "simple" IOM class is achieved by "complex" rules.  There seems to be something of an inverse relationship between the "simplicity" of a class and "complexity" of the rules.]  The idea, of course, is to maximise the appeal of the class to the club skipper, to encourage its increased adoption in countries where it has not yet achieved a significant position, and to minimise regulatory and measurement problems and overhead.  I now think that the IOM class association should introduce an IOM design which is a strict one-design hard-chine hull (the Boxkite is on offer from Graham Bantock) with materials restricted to wood only in both hull and appendages.  This kind of IOM would use "normal" measured IOM rigs and sails, but ball-raced goosenecks or jib swivels would not be permitted.  Using an idea of Charlie Coventry, whenever this kind of design races with other IOMs, the other IOMs would have 2 points added to their score in every race of that event.  We might call this kind of IOM the BOM -- the Box One Metre and provide it with its own class rules.

Following this idea, and taking it one step further, is to introduce a "manufacturer" IOM.  This design would consist of a complete kit of materials and fittings, needing only radio control to go racing.  Its rules would be very simple -- you can use only what is in the kit, and you have to use it the way the kit instructions say.  This would be the MOM class, and it would have its own class rules.

My second thought a while ago was to improve the standard of sailing at IOM events.  We now have umpiring at International events, and this I think is an excellent development.  So my second thought now is to give experimenters and tinkerers a class to play in as well -- a "Marblehead" IOM, if you like.  So I think the IOM class association should introduce a kind of One Metre, where there are no restrictions on materials or fittings, while keeping the "normal" IOM length, weight, and overall draught limits for a mono-hull, and the "normal" IOM dimensions for the sails.  Everything else is "free".  Extending Charlie's idea, every such "unlimited" One Metre would have 1 point added to its score when racing.  We might call this kind of One Metre the FOM -- the Free One Metre, and again provide it with its own class rules.

While the BOM and MOM could measure as an IOM, the FOM obviously would not.  The FOM's attraction is that it conforms to the IOM "core" idea -- a minimum displacement in a one metre length with standard size sails -- while allowing itchy fingers and enquiring minds to enjoy freedom...  Neither the BOM, MOM, nor the FOM would be "International" classes, but who knows what time might bring us if boats were built and raced in these classes around the world?  It might be worth being clear that none of these ideas actually affect the IOM class and the IOM class rules -- these continue exactly as they are.  If you are interested in reviewing and commenting upon the proposed BOM, FOM, and MOM class rules, e-mail me and I can send you a document.

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Click the picture to get to the boat's page The IOM Class The International One Metre class was created by Jan Dejmo, with the support of Graham Bantock and the Permanent Committee of the ISAF-Radio Sailing Division, and adopted by ISAF-RSD in 1988. The intent was to pull together a variety of "One metre" class rules from different countries, and provide for a common, restricted, inexpensive international class of stable, easily-built designs. The result is the most popular RC racing yacht class in the world. The class has enjoyed such success because competitive IOMs can be built by an ordinary modeller at home, and due to the class restrictions competitive boats remain competitive for a number of years. IOM rules The performance of a RC yacht depends on hull lenght, beam, displacement, sail area, bulb draft, ballast ratio and rig plan. The only parameter than can be freely changed is the beam, all others are restricted by the IOM class rules. Therefore it is primarily differing beams and positions of maximum beam, which distinguish the different IOM designs. In addition to performance factors, the class rules explicitly restrict certain materials and construction methods in order to keep the class inexpensive and able to be built by an amateur builder. Radio control is restricted to two channels. Appendages and sails can be made of any material. A competitive boat can be built at home.

International One Metre Class

The International One Metre (IOM) is the most popular RC racing yacht in the world and is raced in over 30 countries.

The class was created in 1988 by Jan Dejmo aided by Graham Bantock and the Technical Committee of the IMYRU (predecessor of IRSA).  It has continued to grow steadily since its creation.

Although carbon fibre is allowed in the construction of the fin and rudder, construction of the hull must be of either wood or glass fibre. Spars shall be of alloy or timber and the sails are to ‘One Design’ sizes. 

The number of rigs is limited to three. This makes  the class very popular for amateur builders and many designers have plans for competitive boats. Builders who can supply kits for home completion or completed boats are plentiful.

The IOM class is managed by its own International Class Association, the IOMICA. Please visit the class website at  www.iomclass.org  

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The International One Metre (IOM) class is a 1m long hull with 1.7m mast height and a minimum weight of 4kg. The class rules are very tight and limit yachts to 2-function control and 3 one-design rigs. Hull, ballast, draught and construction materials are also limited. There is sufficient freedom to allow different hull and fin/rudder shapes to be developed.

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Colin Thorne's Radio Sailing Technology

• Drag Measurements on an International One Metre Yacht
• Thoughts on Chines Aug 2013
• Methods for estimating heeled resistance (Dec 2013)

Estimating the hull drag of an IOM Yacht (August 2014)

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  1.0 Introduction

Hulldrag.zip is the spreadsheet, click on it to download, ignore any message about updating from other spreadsheets .

This article presents a downloadable spreadsheet for estimating the drag of IOM hull designs. All that is required is to enter some numbers  from a normal design program into a space in the "Input Data" sheet and the spreadsheet does the rest, giving graphical output for up to three hulls at once to allow comparisons. No mathemeatrical knowledge is required.

The spreadsheet was made using Windows 8.1 and Office 13 but will work on modern Apple computers, and has been shown to work on Windows7/Office 2003 PCs.  The method can be applied to other model yachts but the accuracy would be uncertain, particularly in the skin drag calculation which may underestimate the drag of smaller yachts such as RG65s.  In addition, most Marblehead and 10 Rater designs are too slender for the residual drag part of the calculation.

The drag of a boat through the water is generally considered to consist of::  

Skin drag , that is the drag that comes from the water rubbing on the hull, this is based on normal naval architecture methods modified to suit the observed drag values described in Hulls/ Drag Measurements on an International One Metre Yacht on this website.  

Residual drag which is mostly wave making drag, and is often called that.  This is based on the Delft Yacht Series method described in Keuning (2008).

Details of the calculation methods are given in the Appendix. The method for residual drag is based on a more recent Delft Series method than that in Delftship or Freeship neither of which can accommodate normal IOM shapes because they are based on wider models, and the minimum IOM water line beam for which they are valid is 200mm as compared to just under 170mm for the more recent method in the spreadsheet.  In addition, these methods cannot deal with the very low Reynold’s numbers that apply to the skin friction of model yachts, whereas this spreadsheet is specifically tailored to suit these low Reynold’s numbers.

It must be realised that, though it is important, the upright drag is not the only factor in hull performance.  Some other factors are heeled drag, pitch tolerance (including nosediving behaviour), and wave impact drag.

The spreadsheet uses hydrostatic values that most design programs such as Delftship, Freeship amd MacSurf, will provide.  If a program is available that will give these parameters for a hull when heeled, or at a different pitch, this spreadsheet may be used to give an estimate of the drag in those situations as suggested by Fossati (2009).  The author uses Hullform 9P (this is now a free download) for this because, although it is harder than some to get a fair hull, the hydrostatics package will calculate the hydrostatics values for the hull at different heel and pitch angles.

The rest is up to intuition, judgement and experience! 

2.0 Using the spreadsheet

There are five sheets in the spreadsheet:

  2.1 Input Data

This is where data is input.  The spreadsheet can handle 3 sets of boat data at a time.  This sheet also has an area for archiving data for many boats.  To use the workbook copy the hydrostatics data onto the input data sheet in columns D E or F, lines 4 to 16. Remember to give your hull a name.  Check the warnings columns K, M and O to see if the data falls within the limits of the Delft Series, if it does not, the accuracy will be compromised, though small deviations are probably OK. Do not alter anything but the column of data.  The green area shows the units required and gives a description of each factor.  Data for boats that are not wanted for comparison can be stored in the archive area. It is recommended at first to retain at least one of the better boats that come with the spreadsheet for comparison.

Two parts of the input data need some clarification: the first is the displacement and the other is the definition of LCB and LCF.

          2.1.1 Displacement

Since an IOM weighs 4 kilograms it might be thought that this would be the displacement to enter into the spreadsheets, but this is not so.  The displacement entered is a volume not a mass and so is in cubic metres for one thing, the other is that the keel rudder and bulb displace water and hence the hull does not have to support the full 4 kilos.  The weight of two different keel/bulb combinations were measured in air and water and the displaced volume calculated.  The results are given in Table 1.

Table 1 Displaced Volumes of keel and bulb

Most modern boats have keels much the same as in the second column and the displaced volume for an IOM weighing 4kg in air can be calculated as in the next table:

Table 2 Displaced Volume Calculation

In practice it is close enough to use .00369 cubic metres for fresh and .0036 for salt.

There is a common perception that unless a boat is designed to 4kg it will float low with its ends in the water when they have carefully been designed just to clear the surface. In fact, a boat so designed will float about 2.5mm higher than in the design program, and this is barely enough to allow for the surface tension of the water raising a meniscus around the hull.

The spreadsheet relies on referring to the true displaced volume of the design in question, that is either .00369 or .0036 and using the hull parameters for a displacement to 4kg will give thoroughly misleading results. Most common design programs will allow the draft to be changed to give the correct displacement without changing the shape at the end of the design process, and the parameters for this condition should be used in the spreadsheet.

The author prefers to design for the actual displacement and raise the stern clear of the water by 4 or 5 mm which is the practice with most successful boats. Most also raise the bow.

          2.1.2 Inputs LCB and LCW .  

For the purposes of this calculation these are measured from the “forward perpendicular”, which can be taken as the forward end of the waterline.  Some design programs measure these dimensions from the transom (e.g. Freeship) and so it is necessary to correct these before entering the values in the spreadsheet.

          2.1.3 Scaling

Most design programs are intended for full size boats 10 metres or more long, and many run into numerical problems with model yachts: for example Freeship rounds off the displacement to the nearest kilogram.  To get around this it is best to design the shape at, say, 10 metres long and then alter the dimensions before putting them in the spreadsheet.  For lengths divide by 10, for areas divide by 100, for displacements divide by 1000, and for righting moments divide by 10,000.

    2.2 Calculation

This sheet is the engine of the workbook. It is write protected so the formulae cannot be inadvertently changed.

    2.3 Drag Plots

This sheet presents the drag versus speed results in graphical form. These are updated automatically as soon as a new boat is entered.  A high and low speed graph are provided to give a bigger scale for the graph.

T here is also a % faster than graph (See Figue 2). This compares the boats whose inputs are in columns E and F on the Input Sheet with the boat whose input data is in Column D (called “Boat 1” here, the identity of Boat 1 is given just above the chart).  If the boat is slower than boat 1 then the numbers are positive, but if the boat is faster than boat 1 the value is negative. 

Thus if it is desired to get a boat faster than boat 1, negative values are wanted!  In the example, Sky is not very good as boat 1 is faster for almost the whole range, on the other hand Target 0.52 looks to be a bit better than Boat 1. The graph is set to show differences of +- 5%, however the scales can be changed if required, to do so click on the vertical axis and select "Format Axis" then alter the range. 

    2.4 Plots

This sheet has been prepared for the more sophisticated users! The intent of the data on this sheet is to allow a study of the components of residual drag. These are updated automatically as soon as a new boat is entered.  The other part of drag, skin friction is pretty much determined by the wetted surface, but residual drag is more complex.  The sheet shows the contribution of each term to the residual drag.  Where the values are positive they are adding to drag and where negative they are reducing drag.  The relative magnitude of the terms is also worth studying.  It might be thought that improving a boat is just a matter of reducing terms that add to drag and increasing those that decrease it.  In practise it is more complex because when the shape is altered to optimise one term is will also change the others!  Each of the terms is described below:  

Term 1 LCB/LWL : The graph suggests that the further aft the centre of buoyancy is  the better except at high speeds.  This is a big contributor to the total drag through most of the range.

Term 2 Cp : This is a measure of how the buoyancy is distributed, a large Cp has the buoyancy out towards the ends and away from midships while a small Cp indicates the reverse. A high Cp is generally linked to better medium high speed performance.  

Term 3 is (Displaced Hull Volume)^2/3/AWP : The displacement is effectively fixed, so a large value of AWP (area of the water plane) looks good at high speed, but such values are associated with high wetted surface and adversely affect other parameters.  

Term 4 is BWL/LWL : Clearly narrow boats are favoured except at 2 to 3 knots.  

Term 5 is LCB/LCF : the ratio of the distance of the centre off buoyancy from the forward end of the waterline to that of the centre of area of the water plane. Low values of this ratio are beneficial though the whole speed range.  

Term 6 is BWL/Tc: the ratio of the waterline beam to the draft.  For most of the range this wants the draft increased and the waterline beam reduced.  

Term 7 is Cm : This describes the shape of the midships section, a triangular section has a low Cm and a rectangular section a high one.  There is a difficult choice here because a small value is good up to about 3 knots and then bad at high speed.

Col Thorne August 2014

Appendix Basis of calculations

A1.0 Residual Drag

This is based on the Delft Yacht Series as in Keuning (2008).  It is an empirical method based on the statistical analysis of lots of tests rather than one built up from first principles of fluid mechanics.  Definitions for the input data for the equations of the method are given in Table A1 and in  cells A5 to A16  of the  Input Data  Sheet.  These parameters are provided in the output of most hull shaping designs.

The equation for this method is:

The parameters a0, a1 etc. have been derived statistically and are given in Table A2 as a function of the Froude Number Fn.  This is a general value indicating the speed relative to the boat size.  To calculate the speeds for your boat, use:

v=Fn*√(9.81*L)

Where v is the boat speed in m/sec and L is in metres. For most IOM designs this will give speeds from around 0.9 knots up to about 4.6 knots.

Because this is an empirical method, errors can occur if it is applied to boats too different from those tested. The most serious limitation for IOM designs is the waterline beam.  The lowest waterline beam to waterline length ratio in the tests was 0.17, so some loss of accuracy can occur for really skinny hulls.  The other ranges are shown in the Input Data , Columns G, H and I.            

In addition, the Delft series did not include any mpdels with chines.  If heeled hydrostatics are used then the effect of the chines on the hydrostatics will be covered but not the fluid dynamic effect of the sharp corner.

A2.0 Skin Friction Drag

    A2.1 Calculating Reynold’s Number

A discussion of the skin drag as compared to conventional methods is described on this website in Hulls/Drag Measurements on an International One Metre Yacht , and will not be repeated here. The first step is to calculate the Reynold’s Number for each of the boat speeds that arise from the residual drag calculation. The Reynold’s numbers give an indication of the nature of the flow round the hull at each speed and are calculated as shown in the equation below.

Reynolds Number, Re=VbL/v

                        where:

Vb= Boat Speed in m/sec (= 0.514* Knots)

L= characteristic length (0.7*LWL for most hulls), m

ν= kinematic viscosity, this varies with temperature and salinity

The data in Table A2 is from ITTC Recommended Procedures 2011 rev 2 .

Table A2 Properties of water

 It is interesting to note that the viscosity, which is part of the Reynold’s Number, varies quite a bit with temperature.  Because I live in a temperate part of Australia I normally use 20 degrees but in Europe or North America I understand 15 degrees is more commonly used. Once the Reynold’s numbers have been calculated the skin friction coefficients can be calculated.

     A2.2 Skin Friction Coefficients

The equations for the skin friction coefficient are given below.  The usual values are the ones in brackets but to make the calculation give the right answer it was found necessary to increase the usual coefficients by 40%, hence the 1.4 factor.  The reason for this is not clear, though it is speculated that it may be due to surface tension.

    A3.3 Calculating Skin Friction

Once the coefficients for the particular boat speeds have been calculated the total skin friction drag can be calculated as follows:

A4.0 Total Drag and comparison with measured values

To obtain the total drag, the friction drag and the residual drag are added together for each boat speed. Thus the total drag at each speed is:

The first set of drag measurements was reported in Hulls/Drag Measurements on an International One Metre Yacht on this website.  Since then some other measurements have been made and these are compared with the values calculated as above.  The results are provided in Figure 1. The agreement is good for such a difficult problem.  It should be noted that the natural scatter in the test results is actually more than the difference between reasonable designs, but fortunately in calculations like this, the prediction of the difference between boats is commonly much more accurate than the absolute values so the lack of great precision in the experimental data does not mean that useful comparisons cannot be made between designs using the methods above.

If the necessary parameters can be obtained for the boat at different pitch and heel angles the method can be used to look at this aspect.  Often hulls that look similar when upright and on their waterlines are quite different when heeled.

Keuning, J.A., and Kargert, M.; A Bare Hull Prediction Method Derived from the results of the Delft Systematic Yacht Hull series extended to higher speeds; International Conf on Innovation in High Performance Sailing Yachts, Laurient, France, 2008

Fossati, F. Aero-hydrodynamics and the performance of sailing yachts. Allard Coles Nautical London 2009

Happy designing!

Col Thorne August 2014  

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Brighton Boat Works is proud to be a US distributor for the exceptional new IOM the Goth MX14 . Designed by the legendary Australlian Frank Russell with production machining designed and produced by Maurizio Morbidelli 's Italian Company MX Components. This boat comes from the factory complete with Hull, Deck Fin-box,Deck accessories, Carbon Fiber Foils; both rudder & Keel, Carbon fiber coated Ballast. Additional included deck accessories are a radio pot, Rudder arm, mast ram and main sheet riser, and silicone nose bumper. Just add servos and rigs (we are happy to provide those as well!!) and you are good to go racing! This Item is Special Order Please allow 8-10 weeks for delivery.

THe MX14  is the next evolution of the extremely successfull Goth Hull design.The MX14 features a 12mm narrower beam and additional forward deck volume. The new design is complete with a new keel, rudder and bulb design. The MX14 is available as either a single color boat or a 2 Color boat(Hull and Deck). Any Color may be selected from the RAL Color Chart. That chart can be found at http://www.ralcolor.com/ . Please specify the desired color when ordering. Color is added to the boat in the mold to insure an excellent finish without the additional weight of a gell coat.

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Omsk Oblast

Omsk Oblast ( Russian : О́мская о́бласть , romanized :   Omskaya oblast' ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ), located in southwestern Siberia . The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900   sq   mi) . Its population is 1,977,665 ( 2010 Census ) [9] with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk , the administrative center .

Prehistory and the Middle Ages

Exploration of siberia, russian empire, soviet years, post-soviet era, administrative divisions, demographics, notable people, sister relationships.

The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.

Omsk Oblast shares borders with Kazakhstan ( North Kazakhstan Region and Pavlodar Region ) to the south, Tyumen Oblast in the west and Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east. It is included in the Siberian Federal District .

The territory stretches for 600   km (370   mi) from north to south and 300   km (190   mi) from west to east. The main water artery is the Irtysh River and its tributaries the Ishim , Om , Osha , and Tara Rivers. The region is located in the West Siberian Plain , consisting of mostly flat terrain. In the south is the Ishim Plain , gradually turning into steppe, forest and swampy taiga to the north. The soil is sandy and silty. [10] Along the Irtysh River, in t. N. Irtysh region, there is an "oasis" microclimate, with a wooded landscape and gullies. There, the most fertile land in the region can be found. The Omsk region contains many lakes, the largest of which are Tenis -Saltaim, Ik, Ebeyty , Ulzhay and Tobol-Kushly.

The highest elevation in the Omsk region - about 150   m (490   ft) Upland village, the lowest elevation is the water's edge on the Irtysh - 41 metres (135   ft) , near the village of Little Beach. [ clarification needed ]

The property is located in Omsk region 28 specially protected natural territories of regional destinations. Including parks in Bolshereche and Omsk ("Bird's harbor"). [ clarification needed ]

The oblast has a classic continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Average January temperatures range from −42 to −30   °C (−44 to −22   °F) . Average July temperatures range from 25 to 28   °C (77 to 82   °F) and can reach up to 35   °C (95   °F) and even 40   °C (104   °F) . Annual rainfall averages 300–400   mm (12–16   in) . Sunny days predominate.

The southern plains have notably longer and warmer summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only 250–300   mm (9.8–11.8   in) precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.

As of 1   February   2016 , [ update ] on the territory of the Omsk region, there are 35 areas that have the status of protected areas (PAs), regional and local importance.

Archeological findings indicate that the present day territory of the oblast has been inhabited for the last 14,000 years. Neolithic societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism began to take hold. Ust'-Ishim man , the remains of a man that lived 45,000 years ago, was discovered in Omsk Oblast.

Various Turkic states dominated the area throughout the Medieval era. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Siberian Khanate . Siberian Tatars , Mongols , Khanty and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.

The Russian history of Omsk began with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of ataman Yermak Timofeyevich , who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area. To support further expansion tsars Feodor I and Boris Godunov initiated the construction of fortified settlements and military outposts in the south of Siberia in order to defend their subjects from raiding nomadic tribesmen and to exert authority over local populations, specifically over the tribute-paying Siberian Tatars of The Baraba Lands. The first permanent Russian settlement in the region, the city of Tara , was founded in 1594, soon it began to play an important part in fur trade that connected Russia with Central Asia and China.

In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz. The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.

As Russian settlements continued to spread through the Yenisei , Tobol and Irtysh watersheds in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever-increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. In 1764, when the Siberian provinces of Russia were organized into two governorates with centers in Irkutsk and Tobolsk , the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast . By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd .

In 1804, the territories surrounding Omsk were organized into the Omsk Okrug . The city rose to prominence when Siberia was once again reorganized in 1822, Omsk became the administrative center of the General Governorate of Eastern Siberia rising above the old center of Siberia, Tobolsk. The new governorate was divided into oblasts around the cities of Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogrsk populated by Russian colonists and okrugs populated by Kazakh nomads. In subsequent reforms the name of the Oblast was changed repeatedly to The Oblast of The Siberian Kyrgyz (1854), Akmolinsk Oblast (1868), and Omsk Oblast (1917) before finally reverting to the Omsk Governorate in 1918. The authority of the oblast followed further expansion of the empire to Central Asia and included significant parts of modern-day Kazakhstan .

In the 19th century, Omsk, given its strong system of frontier fortresses, became notorious as a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European part of the Russian Empire. Decembrists , Polish rebels , French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyodor Dostoyevsky , who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison. [11]

The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Regions and from abroad.

In 1925 the Omsk governorate was dissolved into the newly formed Siberian Krai and again reorganized, this time as an Oblast by order of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 7 December 1934. Parts of the Ob-Irtysh Oblast and the West Siberian Krai as well as the southern part of Chelyabinsk Oblast were given over to Omsk. In 1943, Kurgan Oblast created from the western portion of the Chelyabinsk Oblast also got a number of Omsk territories. In 1944, the northern part of the Omsk Oblast along with the districts previously transferred to Kurgan became newly established Tyumen Oblast that included Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs.

The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union the oblast became part of the newly independent Russian Federation. The independence of Kazakhstan gave Omsk an international border to the south, while continued federal policy aiming to rectify the effects of Stalin era population transfers led to the creation of a national German district in an area with a significant, although not a majority, German population around the town of Azovo . On 19 May 1996 Omsk Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [12] This agreement would be abolished on 21 December 2001. [13]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Omsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Omsk Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Omsk Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

As of 18 January 2019, the departmental register of registered non-profit organizations of the Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Oblast contains information on 2537 non-profit organizations, including 1332 public associations (national associations - 60, regional branches of political parties - 46, trade unions - 328, children's and youth public associations - 55), 308 religious organizations, 30 Cossack societies, and 20 public associations of Cossacks. For example, in the Omsk Oblast there are regional branches of the political parties United Russia , A Just Russia , the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , and others. [14]

As of 2008 , [ update ] Omsk Oblast is the 23rd largest economy in Russia, with a gross regional product of 10.2 billion dollars.

The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.

Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing. [15]

Omsk was ranked by Forbes as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year. [16]

The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community. [17]

The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.

The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot , the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash , which manufactures the T-80 main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia. [18]

The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.

Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.

The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.

Population : 1,858,798   ( 2021 Census ) ; [19] 1,977,665   ( 2010 Census ) ; [9] 2,079,220   ( 2002 Census ) ; [20] 2,140,336   ( 1989 Census ) . [21]

Vital statistics for 2022: [22] [23]

• Births: 16,092 (8.6 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 25,900 (13.8 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [24] 1.52 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [25] Total — 69.02 years (male   — 64.48, female   — 73.45)

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was: [9]

• 85.8% Russian
• 4.1% Kazakh
• 2.7% Ukrainian
• 2.6% German
• 0.4% Armenian
• 0.3% Belarusians
• other groups of less than five thousand persons each
• 57,518 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [26]

According to Russia's 2002 Census , Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. [27] In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm). [28]

Ethnic Russian birth rate in the province is significantly lower than that of the ethnic Kazakhs (by 50%) and that of ethnic Germans (by 20%), according to the 2002 Census.

According to a 2012 survey [29] 35.7% of the population of Omsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% adheres to Islam , 1% to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 0.5% to the Catholic Church . In addition, 39% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and 5.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [29]

• John Kornievsky (1910–1984), Russian Greek Catholic priest

• 2007 Siberian orange snow
• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast
• List of rural localities in Omsk Oblast
• Омская область

Related Research Articles

Omsk is the administrative center and largest city of Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is situated in southwestern Siberia and has a population of over 1.1 million. Omsk is the third largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk, and the twelfth-largest city in Russia. It is an important transport node, serving as a train station for the Trans-Siberian Railway and as a staging post for the Irtysh River.

Tara is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe, about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 27,318 (2010 Census) ; 26,888 (2002 Census) ; 26,152 (1989 Census) .

Isilkul is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 24,482 (2010 Census) ; 26,549 (2002 Census) ; 26,430 (1989 Census) .

Nazyvayevsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,615.

Kalachinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Om River along the busiest segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 100 kilometers (62 mi) east of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 23,556 (2010 Census) ; 24,247 (2002 Census) ; 25,014 (1989 Census) .

Tyukalinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northeast of the Nazyvayevsk railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway and 120 kilometers (75 mi) northwest of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,275 (2010 Census) ; 12,007 (2002 Census) ; 12,191 (1989 Census) .

Sherbakulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast on the border with Kazakhstan. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Sherbakul. Population: 21,342 ; 25,486 (2002 Census) ; 29,906 (1989 Census) . The population of Sherbakul accounts for 32.7% of the district's total population.

Sedelnikovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,200 square kilometers (2,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Sedelnikovo. Population: 10,943 ; 12,211 (2002 Census) ; 12,890 (1989 Census) . The population of Sedelnikovo accounts for 48.6% of the district's total population.

Azovsky Nemetsky National District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,400 square kilometers (540 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Azovo. In the Russian Census of 2010, the population was 22,925. The population of Azovo accounts for 26.2% of the district's total population.

Gorkovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the eastern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,000 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Gorkovskoye. Population: 20,807 ; 24,718 (2002 Census) ; 28,038 (1989 Census) . The population of Gorkovskoye accounts for 25.8% of the district's total population.

Isilkulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Isilkul. Population: 18,942 ; 22,216 (2002 Census) ; 22,691 (1989 Census) .

Kolosovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,700 square kilometers (1,800 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Kolosovka. Population: 12,803 ; 15,763 (2002 Census) ; 17,861 (1989 Census) . The population of Kolosovka accounts for 41.5% of the district's total population.

Maryanovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,700 square kilometers (660 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Maryanovka. Population: 27,595 ; 27,802 (2002 Census) ; 30,173 (1989 Census) . The population of Maryanovka accounts for 31.3% of the district's total population.

Omsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Rostovka. Population: 94,086 ; 94,251 (2002 Census) ; 90,461 (1989 Census) . The population of Rostovka accounts for 5.8% of the district's total population.

Tarsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 15,700 square kilometers (6,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Tara. Population: 19,242 ; 22,684 (2002 Census) ; 25,563 (1989 Census) .

Ust-Ishimsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 7,846 square kilometers (3,029 sq mi).} Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ust-Ishim, which, as its name indicates, is located at the confluence of the Ishim River with the Irtysh.

Znamensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,700 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Znamenskoye. Population: 12,427 ; 13,876 (2002 Census) ; 15,046 (1989 Census) . The population of Znamenskoye accounts for 42.6% of the district's total population.

Abatsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Abatsky Municipal District . It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,080 square kilometers (1,580 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Abatskoye. Population: 19,837 ; 23,566 (2002 Census) ; 26,453 (1989 Census) . The population of Abatskoye accounts for 40.1% of the district's total population.

Azovo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Azovsky Nemetsky National District of Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 5,997 (2010 Census) ; 5,376 (2002 Census) ;

Ust-Ishim is a rural locality and the administrative center of Ust-Ishimsky District, Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,802 (2010 Census) ; 5,060 (2002 Census) ; 5,795 (1989 Census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• ↑ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)" . Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography . Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 1 September 2022 .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Ишимская степь ; Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. — Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (in Russian)
• ↑ "История Омской области" . Omskobl.ru. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Newsline - May 20, 1996 Yeltsin Promises to Maintain Stability, Plays Regional Card" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 20 May 1996 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 .
• ↑ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF) . Demokratizatsiya : 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
• ↑ "Список общественных объединений, имеющих право участвовать в выборах - Управление Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации по Омской области" [ List of public associations eligible to participate in elections - Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Region ] . to55.minjust.ru . Retrieved 11 March 2019 .
• ↑ Отчёт о работе администрации города Омска в 2005—2009 годах
• ↑ "Журнал "Forbes" - 30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2010" (in Russian). 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 .
• ↑ Галина Балашенко «Заниматься бизнесом станет проще» // «Домашняя газета» № 22 (065), 9 июня 2010 года
• ↑ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN   978-1-577-51030-7 p. 131
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Archived .
• ↑ Hungary Russia sister city relationships

• Azovsky Nemetsky (German)
• Bolsherechensky
• Bolsheukovsky
• Kalachinsky
• Kormilovsky
• Maryanovsky
• Moskalensky
• Muromtsevsky
• Nazyvayevsky
• Nizhneomsky
• Novovarshavsky
• Okoneshnikovsky
• Pavlogradsky
• Russko-Polyansky
• Sedelnikovsky
• Sherbakulsky
• Tavrichesky
• Tyukalinsky
• Ust-Ishimsky
• Nazyvayevsk
• Bolshegrivskoye
• Bolsherechye
• Chernoluchinsky
• Gorkovskoye
• Novovarshavka
• Okoneshnikovo
• Pavlogradka